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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS);faqs.267 Hacker, Sally L. _Pleasure, power and technology_. Unwin Hyman, Boston. 1989. Hacker, Sally L., "Mathematization of Engineering: Limits on Women and the Field", in Joan Rothschild, ed., _Machina ex Dea: Feminist Perspectives on Technology_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1983. pages 38- 58. Hess, Robert D. and Irene T. Miura. "Gender Differences in Enrollment in Computer Camps and Classes", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 13 (1985) 193-203. Hill, T., N. Smith, and M. Mann. "Role of efficacy expectations in predicting the decision to use advanced technologies: The case of computers", _Journal of Applied Psychology_, 72, 307-313, 1987. Holland, Dorothy C. and Margaret A. Eisenhart. _Educated in Romance: Woman, Achievement, and College Culture_. The University of Chicago Press. 1990. Homans, Hilary. "Man-made Myths: The Reality of Being a Woman Scientist in the NHS", in Spencer, Anne and David Podmore, eds, _In a Man's World: Essays on Women in Male dominated Professions_. Tavistock Publications, London and New York. 1987. Jacobus, Mary, Evelyn Fox Keller, and Sally Shuttleworth, eds. _Body Politics: Women And The Discourses Of Science_. Routledge, NY, 1990. Kass-Simon, G. and P. Farnes, eds. _Women of Science. Righting the Record_. Indiana University Press. 1990. Reviewed in the March issue of IEEE Spectrum. A collection of 10 articles about women who have made important contributions to science and technology. Unclear that a computer scientist is included. Women mentioned in the review are Bertha Lamme, Edith Clarke, Jenny Rosenthal, Mildred Dresselhaus, Lillian Gilbreth, Marie Curie and Irene Curie. An encouraging aspect of these women's lives is that many of them were married and had families. Also includes a discussion of the differences in how men's and women's work are remembered. Keith, Sandra Z. and Philip Keith, eds. _Proceedings of the National Conference on Women in Mathematics and the Sciences_. St. Cloud, MN: St. Cloud University, 1990. Keller, Evelyn Fox. _Reflections on Gender and Science_. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1985. Examines how images of sex and gender have influenced the philosophy of knowledge and the progress of science, going back to Plato's "Symposium". Kelly, Alison, "Why Girls Don't Do Science", _New Scientist_, May 20, 1982. On women's lack of participation on science. "Teachers put extra effort into teaching boys to read to make up for any deficiency, whether its origin is biological or social. The same could be done to boost the spatial ability of girls if the problems were considered equally serious." (pg 497). Kelly, Alison, ed. _Science for Girls?_. Open University Press, London and Philadelphia. 1987. ISBN 0-355-10294-8. Kerr, Barbara A., Ph.D. _Smart Girls, Gifted Women_. Ohio Psychology Press. ISBN 0-910707-07-3 (paperback, $13.95). Why is it that so many gifted & talented girls STILL aren't realizing their ful l potential, despite the Women's Movement? More to the point, what exactly is it that a gifted girl needs but society or individual circumstances may fail to provide? The answers may surprise you. (I'm not just saying that to be arch; I really WAS surprised at some of them.) Kiesler, Sara, Lee Sproull, and Jacquelynne S. Eccles. "Pool Halls, Chips, and War Games: Women in the Culture of Computing", _Psychology of Women Quarterly_, 9 (1985) 451-462. Koblitz, Neal, "Are Student Ratings Unfair to Women?", _Newsletter of the Association for Women in Mathematics_, September-October 1990. Kramer, Pamela E. and Sheila Lehman. "Mismeasuring Women: A Critique of Research on Computer Ability and Avoidance", _Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society_ 16 (1990) 158-172. *Leveson, Nancy, "Women in Computer Science: A Report of the NSF CISE Cross-Disciplinary Activities Advisory Committee" Lockheed, Marlaine E. "Women, Girls, and Computers: A First Look at the Evidence", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 13 (1985) 115-122. Martin, Dianne, ed. "In Search of Gender-Free Paradigms for Computer Science", NECC, Eugene, OR., 1991. Ogozalek, Virginia Z. "A Comparison of Male and Female Computer Science Students' Attitudes Toward Computers", SIGCSE Bulletin, June 1989, volume 21, number 2, 8-14. Pearl, Amy, Martha E. Pollack, Eve Riskin, Becky Thomas, Elizabeth Wolf, and Alice Wu. "Becoming a Computer Scientist", _Communications of the ACM_, November 1990, 47-57. *Perry, Ruth and Lisa Greber. "Women and Computers: An Introduction" Pryor, Sally. "Thinking of Oneself as a Computer", _Leonardo_, Vol. 24, Issue 5 (1991). A very interesting and provocative article about the basic conflict between our gender-identity as women and our professional identity as computer professionals. Rossner, S. _Teaching science and health from a feminist perspective: A practical guide_, Elmsfor, N.Y.: Pergamon Press, 1986. Rothschild, Joan. _Machina Ex Dea: Feminist Perspectives on Technology_. Pergamon Press. 1983. Rothschild, Joan. _Teaching Technology From a Feminist Perspective: A Practical Guide_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1988. Sanders, Jo Shuchat and Antonia Stone (for the Women's Action Alliance). _The Neuter Computer_. Neal-Schuman Publishers, New York. 1986. ISBN. 1-555-70006-3 (paper). Spertus, Ellen. _Why Are There So Few Female Computer Scientists?_, (1991). An in-depth examination of the many reasons there is a dearth of women in computer science. Available via ftp from ftp.ai.mit.edu under pub/users/ellens/womcs*.ps in postscript format. For information on receiving the bound version of the report (which is $8 + shipping costs), contact publications@ai.mit.edu with your mailing address (to compute shipping costs) and a request for AI TR 1315. A very useful, annotated bibliography as well. Tidwell, Jenifer, "Hackers in the Garden: A Case Study of Women in Computer Engineering", unpublished, 1990. Tijdens, K., M. Jennings, I. Wagner, & M. Weggelaar, "Women, Work, and Computerization: Forming New Alliances", Amsterdam: North- Holland, 1989. Tobias, Sheila. "They're Not Dumb, They're Different. Stalking the Second Tier." Can be purchased from Science News Books, 1719 N St., NW, Washington, DC 20036. The first copy is $2 and additional copies are $.50 each. Turkle, Sherry and Seymour Papert, "Epistemological Pluralism: Styles and Voices within the Computer Culture", Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 16 (1990), 128-157. Turkle, Sherry, "The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit", New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984. Van Nostrand, Catharine Herr, "Gender-Responsible Leadership: Do Your Teaching Methods Empower Women?", pages 186-191 Sage Publications, Inc., in Spring 1991. Direct inquiries, with a SASE, to the author at: 36854 Winnebago Road, St. Cloud, MN 56303. Widnall, Sheila E. "AAAS Presidential Lecture: Voices from the Pipeline", _Science_ 241 (September 30, 1988), 1740-1745. *Widnall, Sheila, "Voices from the Pipeline" Wilson, Meg, ed. _OPTIONS for Girls. A Door to the Future_. Foundation for Women's Resources. The Anthology has been developed over the past 6 years. The best 1000 articles, books and studies [from an earlier project] were reviewed and pared down to a readable set of articles that described the problem of why girls don't take more science and math AND that describe strategies to overcome this problem. Between citations within articles and the supplemental reading list the anthology also presents a substantial bibliography. The target audience includes parents, teachers, school board members, community leaders and girls themselves. The anthology is $22 (includes shipping and handling, no tax assessed). Write to: Pro-Ed, 8700 Shoal Creek Blvd, Austin, TX 78758, attn. Linda Brown. Discounts available for large orders. Wolpert, Lewis and Alison Richards. _A Passion for Science_. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1988. Zappert, Laraine T. and Kendyll Stansbury, "A Comparative Analysis of Men and Women in Graduate Programs in Science, Engineering and Medicine at Stanford University", Working Papers, Institute for Research on Women and Gender, Stanford University, 1985. Single copies are available at no cost from the Institute for Research on Women and Gender, Stanford, University (415-723-1994). 2. Families and Work. ---------------------- Alcott, Louisa May. _Working_. Schocken Books. 1977. ISBN 0-8052-0563-2. Beneria, Lourdes and Catharine R. Stimpson, eds. _Women, Households and the Economy_. Series: The Douglass series on Women's Lives and the Meaning of Gender. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ. 1987. Collection describing interrelationship between family and work, patriarchy and capitalism. Also often used as a text. Cockburn, Cynthia. _Machinery of Dominance. Women, Men, and Technical Know-How_. Pluto Press, London and Dover, NH. 1985. Northeastern University Press, Bostion. 1988. A discussion of job segregation in the workplace and its relationship to gendered assumptions, patriarchy, and technology. Fassel, Diane. _Working Ourselves to Death: The High Cost of Workaholism, the Rewards of Recovery_. Harper, San Francisco. 1990. Dedication: "This book is for all those who struggle with the insidious killer disease called workaholism. It is for those who know that facing the reality of work addiction is to meet the wrath of society. It is for all who long for life-giving workplaces and a saner society." Sample chapters. -- Workaholism. Reality & Myths -- Women & Workaholism -- The Workaholic Organization -- Why Are We Doing This to Ourselves? Hertz, Rosanna. _More Equal Than Others: Women and Men in Dual-Career Marriages_. University of California Press. 1986. 0-520-05804-6. Blurb: "...offers a provocative glimpse of changing marital styles among young corporate couples. Frofessor Hertz describes with perception and wit the negotiations and ad hoc accommodations entailed as dual-career families succumb to the seduction of success. This book will surely give pause to those who believe that ideological commitments to gender equality will stimulate or sustain marriage and childrearing patterns in the post-feminist era. Rather, one detects the awesome power of corporations to shape the private lives of even the most privileged employees." Hochschild, Arlie and Anne Machung. _The Second Shift_. Viking Press. 1989. A well-reasearched look at the two-pay-check marriage, sheds a great deal of light on why so many men are still unwilling to share the housework and childcare. Lang, Susan S. _Women without Children: The Reasons, the Rewards, the Regrets_. Pharos Books. 1991. ISBN 0-89687-532-3. Lang examines the issue of childlessness through a series of interviews as well as citations from the social science literature. She presents various reasons women don't have children, then cites the statistics on the financial and personal strains on a couple having children, the disproportionate amount of work women do for their kids, the freedom childfree living can bring, the fact that a majority of mothers are ambivalent about motherhood. She tries to debunk stereotypes of childless women as selfish, lonlier in their old age, less well off financially, etc. While many of the older women she interviewed said they went through a difficult period when they realized they would remain childless, they all seemed to adapt well and go on to find other sources of satisfaction in their lives. Milwid, Beth. _What You Get When You Go For It_. Dodd, Mead, New York. 1987. Women in the professions (USA). Milwid, Beth. _Working with Men: Professional Women Talk about Power, Sexuality and Ethics_. Revised edition. Beyond Words, Hillsboro, OR. 1990. Okin, Susan Moller. _Justice, Gender, and the Family_. BasicBooks, Harper Collins, Publishers. 1989. ISBN: 0-465-03703-8. Feminist critique of modern political theory that shows why and how, in order to include all of us, theories of justice need to apply their standards to the family itself. Fascinating reading. Contains an interesting demolition of libertarian philosophy. |Paul, Ellen Frankel. _Equity and Gender: the Comparable Worth |Debate_. 1990. | Begins by explaining how comparable worth -- or pay equity | imposed by law -- is a full frontal assault on the free market by | those who scoff at the market's ability to provide justice, and | argues that the free market, not the state, is the better ally of | feminism. Ruggie, Mary, _The State and Working Women: A Comparative Study of Britain and Sweden_. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1984. Sayers, Dorothy L. _Are Women Human?_. Reprint. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids. 1971. This may be the actual reference for the next entry, which I couldn't find. *Sayers, Dorothy L. _Not Quite Human_. This does a very good job of showing what it would be like for men to be judged on the basis of their gender the way that women are. Although it was written a long time ago, it is unfortunately still quite relevant. Schenkel, Susan, "Giving Away Success: Why Women Get Stuck and What to Do About It" Stephenson, June. _The Two-Parent Family Is Not The Best_. The book is a fairly academic report on a survey of adults who were raised in a variety of circumstances: by biological parents, single parents and biological/step parents. It evaluates both their perceptions of their happiness as children and a more objective evaluation of their current status as happy, well-adjusted adults. It presents extensive statistical reporting and analysis of the results of the survey. Some interesting points: Children in a two-parent family were more likely to have a parent who used alcohol excessively (with implied negative effects) and who abused them physically or sexually. "Negative impact on children's self-esteem was affected by parents not spending much time with their children, and greatly affected by persistent family discord." It appears that a child is better off with a single, interested parent than with one interested and one disinterested parent. "There are also indications that children growing up in two parent families where the mother does not work outside the home, may develop excessive dependency." "A family with a father and a mother who does not work outside the home represents only 8% of the families today." Stromberg and Harkess, eds. _Women Working: Theories and Facts in Perspective_. Mayfield Publications, Palo Alto, CA. 1978. Commonly used text in sociology of women and work classes. Discusses women and work across life course and by race and ethnicity and class, and proposals for change. Ward, Kathryn. _Women Workers and Global Restructuring_. ILR Press, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 1990. Impact of multi-national corporate structure on women in developing countries. Weitzman, Lenore. _The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America_. The Free Press/Mac Millian, 1985. Author is currently a member of the faculty at Harvard. Includes statistics on differences in standards of living after divorce (73% decline for women, 42% rise for men). Well documented and contains sociologically sound analysis. Williams, Christine L.. _Gender Differences at Work (Women and Men in Nontraditional Occupations)_ (University of California Press, 1989. ISBN 0-520-07425-4). A lucid discussion of occupational sex-segregation. 3. Feminism and Psychology. ---------------------------- Benhabib, Seyla. "The Generalized and Concrete Other: The Kohlberg-Gilligan Controversy and Moral Theory" in Kittay, Eva Feder; Meyers, Diana T., _Women and Moral Theory_, Rowman and Littlefield, Totowa, NJ, 1987. Seyla Benhabib suggests that a functioning ethical system needs to recognize both the concrete and the generalized other in order to function. She uses the Kohlberg-Gilligan controversy as a reference in the discussion. Cancian, Francesca M. _Love in America: Gender and Self-Development_. Cambridge University Press, 1987. ISBN: 0-521-39691-3 (trade paperback). Blurb: "In the last 25 years, Americans have gained considerable freedom in their personal lives. Relationships are now more flexible, and self-development has become a primary goal for both men and women. Most scholars have criticized this trend to greater freedom, arguing that it undermines family bonds and promotes selfishness and extreme independence...she [instead] shows that many American couples succeed in combining self-development with commitment, and that interdependence, not independence, is their ideal. In interdependent relationships, love and self-development do not conflict but reinforce each other." Chodorow, Nancy. _The Reproduction of Mothering_. UC Press, 1978. This is a psychoanalytic account of how boys and girls establish different gender identities. The work focuses on the consequences of the fact that mothering is done by women in our society. This is an academic book, which means its by no means easy-going, and readers who are unsympathetic to Freudian and object relations psychology will dismiss it out of hand. Chodorow's book is really the seminal work on "relational" vs. "instrumental" differences in wo/men--concepts that are core to later writers like Gilligan, etc. Daly, Mary. _Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism_. Beacon Press, Boston. 1978. Includes sections titled. "American Gynecology. Gynocide by the Holy Ghosts of Medicine and Therapy" "Nazi Medicine and American Gynecology: A Torture Cross-Cultural Comparison." Devor, Holly. _Gender Blending_. Indiana University Press, 1989. ISBN. 0-253-20533-6. Examines women who are often mistaken for men and discusses the impact on the women and reviews their childhood. An *excellent* book for anyone desiring to understand the differences between gender, gender roles and gender identity. Fransella, Fay and Kay Frost. _On Being a Woman_. Tavistock Publications, London and New York. 1977. A review of research on how women see themselves. Focuses on what women have to say about themselves, rather than what others say about them. The authors are interested in what it means to a woman to be a women; they also make people aware of the fact that it is uncommon to ask women what they think of themselves. Extensive bibliography. Gilligan, Carol. _In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development_. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 1982. Standard, well known text on different modes of moral development between men and women. Widely cited, widely criticized. Gilligan, Carol. "Moral Orientation and Moral development" in Kittay, Eva Feder; Meyers, Diana T., _Women and Moral Theory_, Rowman and Littlefield, Totowa, NJ, 1987. The article discusses the question of relationship between the care perspective and the rights perspective in moral development. Gilligan also continues her research begun in _In a Different Voice_. Golden, Carla. "Diversity and Variability in Women's Sexual Identities" in _Lesbian Psychologies_. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1987. p. 28. Graddol, David and Joan Swann. _Gender Voices_. B. Blackwell, Oxford and New York. 1989. In particular, chapter 9, Problems of Power discusses male dominance of conversation in the classroom. Griffin, Susan. _Woman and Nature_. 1978. Author gives a description of the figurines on Freud's study together with ironic comments on his interpretation of myth and irrational "rationalism". It is a contrast of the voices of patriarchy with the voices of women done in a dramatic, poetic style. Harragan, Betty Lehan, _Games Mother Never Taught You_. Warner Books, New York. 1987. Haug, Frigga, ed. _Female Sexualization_. Verso, 6 Meard Street, London W1V 3RH. 1987. ISBN: 0-86091-875-0. Examines the way women are taught to see themselves as 'feminine' through the investment of parts of the body with a whole range of social and psychological significance. Originally published as _Sexualisierung: Frauenformen 2_, 1983. Heatherington, Laurie and Judith Crown, Heidi Wagner, and Scott Rigby, "Toward an Understanding of Social Consequences of `Feminine Immodesty' About Personal Achievements", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 20 (1989) 371-380. Heilbrun, Carolyn G.. _Toward A Recognition of Androgyny_. A search into myth and literature to trace manifestations of androgyny and to assess their implications for today. Horner, Matina S., "Femininity and Successful Achievement: A Basic Inconsistency", in Judith Bardwick, et al, eds. _Feminine Personality and Conflict_. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1970. Johnson, Miriam M.. _Strong Mothers, Weak Wives_. UC Press, Berkeley. 1988. Hypothesis is that the mother's role derives from a position of strength, while the wife's role reflects a position of weakness. Examines socialization and societal construction within this framework. Kundsin, Ruth B., ed. _Women and Success: The Anatomy of Achievement_. New York: William Morrow & Company, 1974. Lorber, Judith and Susan A. Farrel, eds. _The Social Construction of Gender_. SAGE publications, Newbury Park, CA. 1991. Broad collection of writings. "Principles of Gender Construction", "Gender Construction in Family Life", "Gender Construction in the Workplace", "Feminist Research Strategies", "Racial Ethnic Identity and Feminist Politics", "Deconstructing Gender." Masters, William H. and Virginia E. Johnson. _Human Sexual Response_. Boston, Little, Brown, 1966. Debunked the Freudian dichotomoy of vaginal vs. clitoral orgasms. Mednick, Martha Tamara Shuch, Sandra Schwartz Tangri, and Lois Wladis Hoffman, eds. _Women and Achievement: Social and Motivational Analyses_. Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York. Distributed by Halstead Press. 1975. Meyers, Diana T. "The Socialized Individual and individual Autonomy" in Kittay, Eva Feder; Meyers, Diana T., _Women and Moral Theory_, Rowman and Littlefield, Totowa, NJ, 1987. Meyers defends the position exponents of the care perspective can be morally autonomous. Miller, Jean Baker, MD. _Toward a New Psychology of Women_. Second edition. Beacon Press, Boston. 1986. Blurb: On the tenth anniversary of the original publication of this revolutionary book, Dr. Jean Baker Miller reflects on where women are today, addressing both the enormous progress in some areas and the challenges still to be met. Celebrating the questions that have been raised and the actions women have taken, as well as looking toward future change, Miller affirms the strength and diversity of women. Raymond, Janice G. _The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male_. Beacon Press, Boston. 1979. Subjects: Lesbians, sex roles, sex change, medicine (philosophy). Rheingold, H. L. and K. V. Cook, "The Contents of Boys' and Girls' Rooms as an Index of Parents' Behavior", _Child Development_, 46 (1975), 445-463. Rich, Adrienne Cecile. _Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and Institution_. 10th anniversary ed. Norton, New York, 1986. "Vous travailex pour l'armee, madame?" Subjects: Mother and child. Feminism. Motherhood. Original copyright 1976. Riger, Stephanie. "Epistemological Debates, Feminist Voices: Science, Social Values, and the Study of Women," in _American Psychologist_, June 1992. A well-written article: Riger reviews several very important issues pertaining to women and social science (experimental psychology in particular). She calls for "a new vision of the psychological study of women that construes gender as a product of social interaction and links women's agency with the shaping power of the sociocultural, historical, and political context." Riger notes that an extended version of this paper will appear in _Psychology of Women: Biological Psychology and Social Perspectives_; that paper is "in preparation." Schaef, Anne Wilson. _Women's Reality: An Emerging Female System in the White Male Society_. New edition. Harper and Row, Publishers. 1985. ISBN: 0-86683-753-1. From blurb: "_Women's Reality_ is one of the few books that is supportive of women's changing roles without putting men down. It allows men and women to see each other as friends rather than enemies...A brillian dissection of the psycho-social differences between male and female experience." Schaef, Ann Wilson, _The Addictive Organization_. Harper and Row, San Francisco, 1988. ISBN 0062548417. *Schaef, Ann Wilson, "White Male System" Shainess, Natalie. "A Psychiatrist's View. Images of Women - Past and Present, Overt and Obscured," 1969. Reprinted in _Sisterhood is Powerful_ ed Robin Morgan (1970) It references the earlier work of Karen Horney from 1926, and Clara M. Thompson from 1942, which suggests *someone* has been asking questions about Freudian relevance, esp. for women, for a long time. Steinem, Gloria. _Revolution form Within_. This has been panned, and probably misjudged, as a woozy exercise in New Age thumb-sucking, but it is more about developing a good sense of self. A good thing about this book is that it keeps self-esteem firmly in context; she evidently recognizes that it is difficult to feel good about oneself if one has nothing of oneself to feel good about. Stern, Marilyn and Katherine Hildebrandt Karraker. "Sex Stereotyping of Infants: A Review of Gender Labeling Studies", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 20 (1989) 501-522. Ussher, Jane. _The Psychology of the Female Body_. Routledge, London and New York. 1989. Examines the role of the female body in women's identity and experience. the way menarche, menstration, pregnancy, and menopause affect women's lives, the ways the female body and reproduction have been used to confine and control women, and psychological evidence is given to refute many myths surrounding women's bodies. Originally part of Ph.D. thesis. 4. Education. -------------- Adelman, Clifford. "Putting Women's Education to Work Could Enrich U.S. Economy," _Los Angeles Times_, October 28, 1990, Opinion Section. Author is a senior associate in the Office of Research, US Dept. Ed. Fascinating discussion on the US Department of Education's study of the high-school class of 1972. Antler, Joyce and Sari Knopp Biklen, eds. _Changing Education: Women as Radicals and Conservators_. 1990. In particular, chapter 10: The Impact of Higher Education upon Career and Family Choices: Simmons College Alumnae, 1906-1926 deals with working/middle class women vs. elite. Astin, A.W. _From Critical Years: Effects of College on Beliefs, Attitudes and Knowledge_. 1977. Bennett, Sheila Kishler, "Student Perceptions of and Expectations for Male and Female Instructors: Evidence Relating to the Question of Gender Bias in Teaching Evaluation", _Journal of Educational Psychology_, 74 (1982), 170-179. Block, J.H. "Gender Differences and the Implications for Educational Policy," in Block, J.H. _Sex Role Identity and Ego Development_, 1984. pp207-252. Burstall, Sara A. _The Education of Girls in the United States_. 1984. Clarke, Hansen and Michael Meyers. "Should States Support Single-sex, Black Schools?" in _State Government News, 35(1), Jan. 1, 1992, p16. Brown vs. Board of Education / segregation argument. Clark, Shirley M. and Mary Corcoran. "Perspectives on the Professional Socialization of Women Faculty: A Case of Accumulative Disadvantage?", _Journal of Higher Education_, Vol. 57, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1986.